On December 27, 2024, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) released its 2024 Annual Homeless Assessment Report Part I (AHAR). For the second year in a row, HUD data show a record number of families and youth in shelters, or who were in a visibly unsheltered situation, on a single night in January. In fact, among all populations, the increases in homelessness were the highest among families with children (a 39.4% increase) and unaccompanied youth (a 10% increase).

As concerning as these numbers are, HUD data drastically underestimate the true scale of child and youth homelessness.

This brief describes the limitations of HUD’s Point-in-Time count, and contrasts HUD’s homelessness data with other federal homelessness data. It recommends that policymakers and the public look to a variety of other data sources — especially public schools, early childhood programs, and youth-serving programs — to get a fuller and more accurate picture of the prevalence of homelessness and the needs of those who experience it.

We also urge federal, state, and local government to 1) remove barriers to existing homeless assistance for families and youth; 2) create new targeted housing and service supports; and 3) provide flexible funding directly to child- and youth-serving agencies to help meet housing and related needs of children, youth, and families.

HUD’s Data and Methodology Account for Only a Fraction of Children, Youth, and Families Experiencing Homelessness, Excluding Many of the Most Vulnerable. 

The Annual Homeless Assessment Report Part I (AHAR) provides estimates of people who are in shelter and in unsheltered locations on a single night. These counts, known as the Point-in-Time (PIT) counts, are conducted by communities nationwide, and typically occur during the last week in January of each year. HUD’s “Point in Time” (PIT) count only measures the number of people who are in shelter or transitional housing, or who are seen during street counts. 

However, most families and youth who are homeless do not stay in shelters, transitional housing, or on the streets.

• Of the more than 1.5 million children and youth experiencing homelessness identified by public schools in the 2022-2023 school year (the most recent year for which national data is available), only 5% were unsheltered, and 11% were staying in shelters. The rest were staying in motels, or staying temporarily with other people due to lack of alternatives. This invisible and unstable homelessness is not included in HUD’s limited methodology. 
• Missed Opportunities: Youth Homelessness in America found that of the 3.5 million 18-24 year-olds and 700,000 13-17 year-olds who experienced homelessness, nearly three quarters who slept on the streets or in shelters also ‘couch-surfed’ (stayed with others), demonstrating the fluid nature of homeless living arrangements.

Lack of Appropriate Shelter Options, Fear of Child Welfare Authorities, and Concern About the Safety of Shelters Explain Why Most Families and Youth Who are Homeless are Not in Shelters or on the Streets.

• Shelters and transitional housing are often full, unable to serve families as a unit, do not accept unaccompanied minor youth, or simply do not exist in too many communities. When families and youth are not able to access shelter, they are less likely to be included in HUD’s counts.
• Families experiencing homelessness are also less likely than single adults to stay on the streets and other outdoor locations where they can be included in PIT counts, often because they are afraid their children will be removed from their custody. Unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness fear interactions with authorities and exploitation from older adults whether in a shelter, on the street, or staying on someone’s couch.
• For these reasons, families and youth are much more likely to stay temporarily with other people, or in motels — situations that are themselves very unstable, often unsafe, and put them at risk of trafficking. They are also more common in rural and suburban areas, where the PIT count results in dramatic under-counts.

Children and Youth Experiencing Homelessness Who Are Excluded from HUD’s Definition of Homelessness and its Data Are As Vulnerable as Those Who Are Included.

• Two studies of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data shows that high school students experiencing homelessness are at high risk of harm regardless of where they sleep. A 2019 study demonstrated dire risk of rape, assault, suicide, substance abuse, hunger, bullying and other risks, whether high school students experiencing homelessness are sleeping in a motel, a car, a shelter, temporarily with other people, or moving so frequently that they cannot identify a usual sleeping arrangement over a thirty-day period. Vulnerability to these harms was comparable across different homeless situations. A 2022 study found that high school students who reported homelessness had 208% higher odds of sexual victimization and 347% higher odds of physical victimization. Each homeless sleeping location, including staying with others and motels, was associated with increased odds of experiencing both sexual and physical victimization compared to sleeping at a parent or guardian’s home, underscoring the vulnerability of all high school students who experience homelessness, regardless of where they sleep.
• Four studies (California, Louisiana, Minnesota, and Washington state)  find that children and youth who stay with other people temporarily, or in motels — considered homeless under the education definition — have comparable or worse educational risks and outcomes as those who stay in shelters or are unsheltered.

School Data Show Different Trends in Family and Youth Homelessness

HUD’s 2024 Annual Homeless Assessment Report Part I (AHAR) asserts that the increases in family homelessness in 2023 and 2024 (according to its definition of homelessness) reversed a decline in family homelessness that had begun in 2012.

However, school data paint a different picture of the trends in family homelessness. 

In order to ensure that children and youth receive educational protections and services, public schools are required to proactively identify all children and youth experiencing homelessness — those who meet HUD’s definition of homelessness, and those who do not. While there may not be a shelter bed or housing unit for every family and youth who needs one, there is a guaranteed seat in the classroom. 

This means that – even with well-documented challenges to the identification of homeless children and youth by schools – public schools are still much more accurate barometers of family and youth homelessness than HUD data.

Between the 2006-07 school year and the 2023-2023 school year – public school data show a 102% increase in children and families who meet the federal education definition of homelessness (which includes those in shelters and motels, unsheltered, and staying temporarily with others). With the exception of decreases during the pandemic (attributable to school building closures and the inability to identify homeless students), and sharp increases after disasters, the overall trend has been steadily upward. 

HUD’s Flawed Data Contribute to Harmful Policies and Conflict with Other Agencies’ Missions and Mandates.

By underestimating family and youth homelessness, HUD data contribute to decreased attention, focus, and funding for family and youth programs and initiatives.

The reliance of policymakers on HUD homelessness data also undermines the work of, public schools and federal early childhood programs. These agencies are required to improve the identification of children and youth experiencing homelessness in order to ensure that they receive federally-mandated protections and services. Congress specifically amended the education subtitle of the McKinney-Vento Act in the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) to improve the identification of homeless children and youth. The Head Start Act and the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act also include requirements for proactive outreach, identification, and enrollment of homeless children. These requirements are particularly important in light of recent research demonstrating that not completing high school is the greatest single risk factor for experiencing homelessness as a young person.

Communities and Policymakers Should Look To Other Data Sources To Get A Fuller And More Accurate Picture Of Homelessness

In light of the shortcomings of the PIT count, communities should look to a variety of other data sources — especially public schools, early childhood programs, and youth-serving programs — to get a fuller and more accurate picture of the prevalence of homelessness and the needs of those who experience it.

• SchoolHouse Connection and Poverty Solutions at the University of Michigan have created searchable data profiles using U.S. Department of Education and Office of Head Start data. These profiles make available child and youth homelessness data at the national, state, county, school district, and Congressional levels. 
• Missed Opportunities: Youth Homelessness in America, remains the most comprehensive and reliable data sources on unaccompanied youth experiencing homelessness, ages 13-25.
• Researchers at the Chicago Coalition for the Homeless (CCH), Vanderbilt University, and the Heartland Alliance Social IMPACT Research Center developed a census-based model for estimating doubled-up homelessness across the United States. Research on this peer-reviewed methodology was published in Housing Policy Debate in January 2022. Using this method, researchers found that 3.7 million people in the U.S. population were doubled-up in 2019. First used to provide a comprehensive homeless estimate in Chicago in 2016, CCH continues to release an annual count of Chicago’s homeless population each year.  CCH also leads a Homelessness Data Project that seeks to expand a model, and has developed a toolkit to train organizations and advocates on how to conduct a comprehensive homeless estimate in their region. The goal is to build a more accurate snapshot of what homelessness looks like across the country, while also building a base committed to aligning HUD’s definition of homelessness to include people staying in doubled-up situations. 

Congress Should Remove Barriers to Homeless Assistance Caused by Restrictive Definitions

Congress should take action to remove barriers caused by HUD’s restrictive and complicated definition of homelessness by: 

• Enacting the bipartisan Homeless Children and Youth Act, which aligns the HUD definition of homelessness with those served by other federal agencies and programs serving children, youth, and families. 
• Providing flexible funding directly to child- and youth-serving agencies to help meet housing and related needs of children, youth, and families, including through legislation like the bipartisan Emergency Family Stabilization Act.